563bc20a75980dbf641d72b39b97d47ebc9c4183
356
Commits
| Author | SHA1 | Message | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
  AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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4e3258e3f7 |
Put the libraries on the disk, and say which include is missing
Sieve-16.asm, Life.asm and Fib-16.asm could be read on the machine and not assembled on it. All three #Include print.asm, and print.asm was not on the disk. /LIB WAS STILL A HAND-WRITTEN LIST. Programs/Libraries is what an #Include means when it is not a CosmOS source - print, the integer helpers, the maths - and nobody had thought to name them, which is the exact failure mirroring the sources was meant to end. It is mirrored now, so the next one nobody thinks of is there anyway. AND THE ASSEMBLER SAID NOTHING USEFUL. A missing include returned a failure and printed no message, so the catch-all at the top said "nothing was written", which is true and useless - finding out why meant reading the assembler rather than the message. It names the file now, and where it looked: cannot find print.asm, not beside the file that asked and not as /Lib/print.asm Both halves are worth having, because a name that is in neither place is usually one or the other spelt wrong. The same shape as More's "error 2": a program that knows exactly what happened, reporting a number or nothing at all. The disk also depends on the recipe that lays it out now. It did not, so adding the libraries left an image built without them and the next run reported the same thing missing - which sends you looking at the change you just made rather than at the stale thing in front of you. It cost twenty minutes to notice. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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dae3455da0 |
Give the CPU a bus, so that there can be more than one
The first piece of the peripheral core, and it changes no behaviour: the machine still has exactly one processor, and every one of the 169 tests still passes. What changes is that the code has stopped assuming so. FIVE THINGS A CPU ASKS OF THE WORLD OUTSIDE ITSELF, and every one of them was a call to a function there was exactly one of: the port handlers, what the controller spent moving memory, what was spent stopped waiting on a device, and the two that work the interrupt lines. Fine for a machine with one processor and wrong for a machine with two, because A PERIPHERAL CORE'S BUS IS ITS OWN - it sees the devices its own device gives it, raises its own lines, and stalls on its own controller, none of which are the host's. They are gathered into a Bus that the CPU holds a pointer to, rather than threaded through as a bus number, because a bus is something a device PROVIDES. A device that provides one should hand over the answers rather than be looked up by an index somebody else has to keep right. initializeCPU puts the machine's own there, which is what every processor was on when there could only be one, so nothing at any call site moved. And shiftRegister is a local now. It always was one in effect - written and read inside a single instruction and never carried to the next - but it sat at file scope, where a second processor would have shared it. Two cores taking each other's shift halfway through an SHL is a poor thing to discover later, and it cost two braces to make impossible. Still to come on this rung: the interrupt bitmap, which is one file-scope array indexed by port for the whole machine; a controller each; and the interleaving rule, which has to be written into the manual as machine behaviour rather than left as something the emulator does. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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f2e26c1852 |
Stop a pending reset outliving the reset it belonged to
Reset out of picture.bin and CosmOS booted and then halted at once, having been told there was nobody at the keyboard. The button set two things: the machine's reset request, and a flag of the window's own that said "end the next console read, so a machine blocked on a key can get to the point where it notices". The second was only cleared when the console actually asked - and picture.bin never asks. It draws and halts. So the flag survived the restart and answered the NEXT machine's first read with the end of input, which for CosmOS means stop. There is one fact and it now lives in one place. The window asks whether a reset is still waiting rather than remembering that it asked for one, so the read ends only while a restart is genuinely on its way and goes back to normal the moment it has happened. The local flag is gone. Two pieces of state meaning one thing, one of them cleared on a path the other did not need - which is the same shape as the console's line editing flag surviving a second run, a fortnight ago. Worth noticing twice. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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adefce975b |
Let the reset button reach a machine that has stopped
The gesture rebooted CosmOS and could not reboot picture.bin, which is the case it was added for. picture.asm ends in HALT, and a halted machine runs no instructions - so nothing ever reached the code that notices a reset, because a reset is noticed BETWEEN INSTRUCTIONS and there are none. It only ever worked because CosmOS was still going. Which is backwards: a machine that is not going anywhere is exactly the one worth restarting, and it is the one that cannot hear a request by itself. The restart is lifted out of the run loop into machineTakeReset, and the window asks every frame whether the machine is running or not. NAMED AS EMULATOR MAGIC, because it is. There is no reset line on this machine and no keyboard controller to assert one; the window reaches in and sets the same flag the machine port sets. When those are designed, a keyboard controller will have to see the gesture and pull reset regardless of what the CPU is doing - which is the property that matters and the one a port write can never have, since a port write needs a program willing and able to make it. The shape of that is already visible here: asking every frame rather than leaving it to the machine to notice is what a line does. A restart now clears the cycle limit as well, since a machine stopped for reaching one is another thing somebody would press the button over. The three existing reset tests still pass, and they are the ones that matter: they exercise the same restart through the machine port. What no test reaches is the gesture itself, which exists only when there is a window. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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8c6ed62044 |
Reset on a gesture the host has no opinion about
Control, Shift and R. It was Control, Alt and Delete, which brings up a shutdown prompt rather than reaching the machine - and no amount of asking will change that. IT IS A SECURE ATTENTION KEY. Every serious operating system reserves it so that it always reaches the system and never an application, precisely so a program cannot imitate a login screen. On Windows an application cannot see it without a kernel driver; on Linux the desktop takes it. That is not an oversight to work around, it is the same guarantee a reset button wants being enforced one layer further down, and there is no call this program could make that would win the argument. It is unavailable for exactly the reason it seemed right. So the requirement list grew a third item that was not obvious until it bit: the gesture has to be one the host has no opinion about. Control and Shift with a letter is about as free as a combination gets - not window management, not a virtual terminal switch, and not a shortcut any desktop claims by default. It keeps the other two properties: plain F12 and plain Delete stay free for software, and three keys are not pressed by accident. If some platform does send a character for it, nothing comes of that either. Whatever arrives is in memory that is about to be thrown away. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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0afead00de |
Make the reset a gesture rather than a key
Control, Alt and Delete, which was F12. Two reasons, and the first one is about hardware rather than about the emulator. ON REAL HARDWARE THIS IS NOT A KEY AT ALL. A Voyager has a button on the case, and what a window has instead of a case is a gesture standing in for one. So it must not be a key software might want - a machine with a keyboard has function keys on it and something will eventually have a use for F12, which would have meant taking it away again later, from programs already written to expect it. And it must not be reachable by accident. Restarting throws away everything in memory, which is the same data loss Escape was one keypress from causing, arriving by a different door. Three keys together are not pressed by mistake. It has meant this since 1981, so it is also the one gesture nobody has to be told the meaning of - and Delete stays free for software, since the gesture is all three or nothing. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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f7657081be |
Put a reset button on the case, and stop Escape closing the window
ESCAPE WAS A BUG I LEFT. This machine sends Escape to the console like any other key, and Raylib closes a window on Escape unless it is told not to - so a program reading keys could be ended by one of them, taking whatever was in memory with it. SetExitKey(KEY_NULL), and it is a byte again. F12 is the reset button. A button on the case rather than a key the machine can see: nothing sends a function key to the console, so nothing can be surprised by one. It does what writing MACHINE_RESET does, which is that the machine starts the way it started - the boot chain runs again and finds whatever the disk now says to run. Which is what makes a bare metal program escapable. Once puts a demo in front of the next start and deletes the request before jumping, so a demo that has taken the whole machine is one keypress from the system coming back, instead of closing the window and opening it again. IT HAD TO REACH A MACHINE THAT IS WAITING, and that took two more things. A reset is acted on between instructions, and a machine blocked on a key is part way through one - so the button would have set a flag that nothing ever came along to notice, in exactly the situation a reset button is for. The wait ends now: the console is told its input is over, which it is for a machine about to stop existing. And the reset puts the console's input back - nothing pushed back, no line half gathered, and not at the end of input. That was already wrong before the button existed: a reset after the input ran out left a console that had run out afterwards, so a machine could be restarted once and then never typed at again. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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13b20c8834 |
Give the screen a bitmap mode
V4. Mode 2 is 320 by 200 with a byte a pixel: no tile to look up and no attribute to add, the byte IS the palette index. Programs/Examples/picture.asm fills a whole one in 127 bytes of program and 47,498 cycles. IT IS THE SAME MEMORY AS THE TILES AND THE MAP, which is what shared video memory has always been, and there is nowhere else it could be - 64,000 bytes of picture in a 65,536 byte bank leaves room for nothing beside it. Going to bitmap mode does not clear the text screen, it stops calling it one, and coming back finds the tiles holding whatever the picture put there. Taking the screen means taking it. The palette moves to 0xFC00, the top of video memory, because it is the one thing that has to mean the same in every mode and 64,000 bytes of picture leaves nowhere in the middle for it to hide. That is a documented address, so the example, the tests and the manual move with it. A BITMAP HAS NO COLUMNS AND NO ROWS, and both registers read zero rather than a leftover from the last mode. The console asks: told there is no character screen, it has nowhere to put a glyph and draws nothing, while still saying everything down the serial line. The honest alternative is what a machine with shared video memory really does, which is scribble marks nobody can read across somebody's picture - honest and useless, since a program that has taken the screen has not stopped wanting to print. Six checks in Tests/video.sh, to 55: that the mode is 320 by 200, that a byte is one pixel's colour and only that pixel, that printing leaves a picture alone while the letter still goes out, and that the columns register says nought and then forty again. The example is worth reading for one thing beyond the mode: Fill leaves its destination past what it touched, so two hundred rows are drawn from one address set once. Working out where row n begins would be n times 320, and this machine has no multiply. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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1174bd9af5 |
Give the machine a frame to wait for
V3. The screen interrupts at each frame on hardware vector 0x30, and WAIT finally has something worth sleeping on. THERE WAS NO CLOCK. Every program that wanted to happen at a certain speed counted instructions and hoped, which is why Snake's pause silently halved the day a cycle stopped being an instruction and became a memory access - the program was right and the thing it was counting changed underneath it. A screen finishing sixty times a second is a real beat, and it is counted in the MACHINE'S cycles rather than the host's, so the same program sees the same number of frames in the same number of cycles however fast anything really ran. That is what makes a frame something a test can count and a recorded result can hold. Status bit 0 goes up when a frame has gone by and reading the status port puts it down, so a program with no handler can watch for it instead. Control bit 0 asks to be interrupted, and is OFF when the machine starts: an interrupt with nothing installed to catch it is a fault, so a screen that began interrupting the moment it was switched on would take down every program written before frames existed. More than one frame can pass between two looks, and the flag and the line are each one thing, so several still mean one of each. A missed frame is missed. Programs/Examples/frames.asm prints a dot a frame for a second: 1,000,324 cycles, and 996,460 of them spent asleep. That split is the thing worth seeing - a program that polled instead would print the same sixty dots, take the same second, and spend every cycle of it on the bus. Its header explains why waiting is not spinning and why a machine with a beat can stop guessing at one. Six checks in Tests/video.sh, and two of them are about the clock rather than the output, because the output cannot tell the difference. That the machine slept through nearly all of ten frames, and that polling three frames actually took three frames - a status flag that stayed up once set would print exactly the same character and look perfectly correct. Breaking the frame interrupt on purpose left a machine asleep for ever and hung the whole suite, which is a worse way to be told than a failing check. Tests/video.sh bounds its runs at ten seconds now, the way Tests/run.sh always has. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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3da020898c |
Write down what the machine costs, before it has to be worked out again
Three measurements that would otherwise be re-derived from scratch in three months, put where a reader will meet them rather than where somebody has to know to look. The README's cost model section says what a nominal 1 MHz actually means: about 270,000 instructions a second, since the average instruction costs 3.72 cycles. The same program therefore takes 3.72 times the wall clock it did when a cycle was an instruction - nothing got slower, the number got honest, and the number it replaced described no machine anybody could build. Beside it, the two figures that put that in proportion: the emulator runs 195 million cycles a second in --fast, and CosmOS assembling CosmOS is 654 million of them, which is eleven minutes at a megahertz, 3.3 seconds at --fast, and six and a half seconds at a hypothetical 100 MHz. That last is pessimistic rather than hopeful: it assumes hardware overlaps nothing, which is the same conservative reading the controller's cost model takes. The CosmOS README gets what that means for its assembler, which is superlinear in what it reads: 1,383 cycles a byte for a four kilobyte source, 6,290 for a hundred kilobyte one. IT IS NOT THE DISK, and the number that says so is worth keeping - 654 million on a disk carrying the whole source tree against 653 million on a flat one with a sixth as many files. The suspected cause is walking a table of some nine hundred labels once per reference, suspected rather than measured. Nothing is being done about it, and the reason is written down too: development happens with the host assembler. But faster hardware buys a constant factor and does not change the shape of the curve, so the program that forces this is not CosmOS - it is the first one twice its size. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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5732a31b2e |
Stop the allocator starting the directory again for every file in its way
Placing one file on a disk with the source tree on it cost 9.4 million cycles. It costs 1.4 million now, and assembling colours.asm went from 13.9 to 6.0 seconds. sbfsAllocate gave up the moment it found anything in the candidate's way: it moved the candidate past that one entry and STARTED THE DIRECTORY AGAIN FROM THE FIRST BLOCK. With files laid down one after another that is a restart per file, and every restart reads directory blocks off the disk until it reaches the next thing in the way - which is further in each time. Placing one file among 183 of them cost thousands of block reads. The candidate moves along DURING the pass now, and the pass carries on from where it is, so entries later in the directory are tested against where the candidate has got to. On a disk that has been appended to - which is what a disk mostly is - one pass walks it past everything and a second confirms nothing is left. Two passes rather than one per file. IT IS STILL FIRST FIT, and Tests/agree.sh is what says so: the machine and SplitDisk build the same tree and the images still match byte for byte, which they could not if allocation had started choosing differently. The argument is that the candidate only ever moves past something that genuinely overlaps it, and when it does there is nowhere below to go - the entry in the way covers everything up to its end and begins before the candidate ends. The first attempt at this was slower than what it replaced, by three times. It finished the pass and jumped to the FURTHEST overlap, which sounds better and is worse: with files laid contiguously only one entry ever overlaps, so the old early exit was the fast path and reading the whole directory to find the one thing was pure loss. The number of passes was never the thing to fix - restarting them was. The boot slot in the test fixtures goes from 32 blocks to 40, which is what a shipped disk has. Stage two is 8,231 bytes and 32 blocks is 8,192: a fixture tighter than the thing it stands in for fails on a change the real disk would have taken, and says "the boot slot is too small" rather than what actually grew. WHAT THIS DOES NOT FIX is assembling CosmOS, and that is worth saying plainly. It takes 654 million cycles on the mirrored disk and 653 million on a flat test disk with a sixth as many files, so it is not a filesystem problem at all. Cycles per byte of source climb with the size of it - 1,383 for colours.asm, about 3,000 for Edit.asm, 6,290 for cosmos.asm - which says the native assembler is superlinear in what it reads. That is a separate thing to go and look at. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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7073b972e6 |
Say what went wrong, and give the file tools room for a path
The makefile on the disk was fine. "Makefile" is not "makefile", and SBFS names are case sensitive - but neither tool said so, and both failed in ways that pointed somewhere else. MORE PRINTED A NUMBER THAT MEANT NOTHING. "cannot find the file, error 2" invents a vocabulary the system does not have: the filesystem library documents its answer as zero or not zero, never as a code, so 2 could not be looked up anywhere. It says "there is no file by that name" now, which is the only way opening fails that a person can do anything about, and is nearly always a name typed slightly wrong. EDIT SAID "0 LINES", which is also what an empty file that IS on the disk says. A name typed slightly wrong therefore looked exactly like the document you meant to open, right up until you saved it somewhere new. It says "new file" instead. Two bugs came out of writing that, and both are worth more than the feature. The first is mine and the label lied to me: loadNothing is not where a load FAILS, it is where every load FINISHES, reached at the end of splitLast on files that opened perfectly well. A flag set there on the strength of the name was set on everything. It is called loadDone now, and the failure has its own name. The second is older and general: a program is loaded once and may be run many times, so "load Edit.sbx" then "run" twice is two sessions over one copy of the Data Segment. Anything a session changes has to be put back by the session. A zero written in the Data Segment is the state a program starts in the first time and never again - and cosmosEdit runs Edit twice from one load, which is why it caught it immediately. AND THE FILE TOOLS COULD NOT ADDRESS THE TREE THEY NOW HAVE. Edit took 23 characters of name and More and Type took 29, which were right when everything lived in the root. With the sources mirrored onto the disk, "/Source/CosmOS/Assembler/classify.asm" is an ordinary thing to type - thirty-seven characters, cut down to a name meaning something else, or nothing. All of them take sixty-three now, which is what the shell reads of a command line, so nothing longer can arrive. Wander with it, since a directory is a path too. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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0852666e73 |
Mirror the source tree onto the system disk
A list of files in a makefile goes stale the moment somebody adds a program and forgets to name it, and what they forgot is invisible until they go looking for it on the machine. So SplitDisk gained a mirror command and the disk rule is one line: putting a file where the others live is now the whole of putting it on the disk. EVERY FILE GOES THROUGH put AND EVERY DIRECTORY THROUGH mkdir. That is the point of it - mirror adds a walk and no filesystem code at all, so anything the format refuses here it refuses everywhere, in the same words. What is new is the walk, and the walk is what the six checks in Tests/disk.sh are about: that it goes all the way down, that it leaves dotfiles and named directories behind, and that a name too long stops it. REFUSED RATHER THAN SKIPPED, because a disk quietly missing a file is the exact failure a mirror exists to prevent. Which meant four sources had to be renamed - a directory entry holds 22 characters and they were 23, 23, 24 and 29: 16bitSegmentedSieve.asm -> 16bitSieve.asm 16bitSegmentedSieveModern.asm -> 16bitSieveModern.asm consoleInterruptTest.asm -> consoleInterrupt.asm controllerWriteTest.asm -> controllerWrite.asm The test names in the manifest are unchanged, since those are identifiers and every recorded result is filed under them. Only where the source lives has moved. The entries are sorted before anything is written. readdir hands them back in whatever order the host filesystem feels like, and a disk image that comes out different from one run to the next is an image no test could compare against another. The disk grew from one megabyte to four and from 192 directory entries to 1,024. The sources are 2,850 blocks and the mirror filled the old directory on its first run, which is a thing that should not need thinking about again. The Tests fixture disk is deliberately NOT mirrored. It is a controlled fixture with known contents, and the shipped disk is the one meant to be useful; they want different things. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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ff4b025058 |
Make the cursor blink while the machine is waiting, and show how the palette works
THE CURSOR DID NOT BLINK, and the reason is worth stating: it blinks on the machine's clock, and the machine's clock had stopped. A console waiting on a key stops the CPU, so no cycles passed, so the phase never moved - and the one moment somebody is looking at a cursor is the moment they are being asked to type. Waiting is now charged as IDLE CYCLES, which is what they were built for: a machine stopped on a device is not using memory, the same distinction WAIT makes, arrived at from the other direction. And the devices are told as it happens rather than when the instruction finally finishes, because a display controller does not stop blinking because the processor is waiting on a keyboard, any more than a disk stops turning. A keyboard file can now say NOTHING happened. A zero is a byte no keyboard sends, so it is free to mean "a moment went by with nobody typing" - which is the commonest thing behind a window and the only thing a file otherwise could not express. That unlocked the whole waiting path: three checks that the cursor is lit, then dark half a second later, then lit again, which is what blinking is. And Programs/Examples/colours.asm, because the palette had nowhere a newcomer could read it. It prints the sixteen pairs, prints each one again turned inside out, and then CHANGES ONE by writing three bytes into the palette - so the difference between using the colours a machine wakes up with and choosing your own is visible in one program. Its header explains what a cell is, what the attribute nibble does, why palette entries are four bytes rather than three, and why video memory has to be reached through the controller. The manual now says where the palette lives and points at it. SplitLint found a redundant RSTA in the example, which was worth acting on rather than suppressing: the zero was already in A from the mode write two lines up, and saying so in a comment teaches that SETD does not touch A, which is a thing worth knowing. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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d6feddd1b6 |
Give the console colour and a cursor
COLOUR COSTS A NIBBLE AND NO HARDWARE. A glyph is drawn in palette indices 0 and 1, paper and ink, and a cell's attribute nibble adds sixteen to both - so sixteen banks is already sixteen ink and paper pairs, and all that was missing was a register saying which one the console draws in. That is port 0x06, read as well as written like the rest. The palette a machine wakes up with is arranged so that HIGHLIGHTING IS ONE BIT: banks 0 to 7 are colours on black, banks 8 to 15 are the same colours as paper with black ink. So attribute XOR 8 turns any pair inside out. That is a convention rather than a rule of the machine - the device only ever adds the nibble and looks the answer up - but it is the convention that makes a highlighted line and a cursor free. Bank 0 is still grey on black, so nothing that was written before this has changed colour. THE CURSOR IS THE SAME BIT AGAIN. It is drawn by turning its cell inside out rather than by putting a block over it, so the character underneath stays readable, which matters to somebody editing a line. The device draws it rather than the window, because on a machine with a screen a cursor is a hardware feature - one drawn by the presenter would not be in a picture the machine saved. It blinks on the machine's own clock, half a second each way, so the phase is a pure function of the cycle count and a screen saved at a given cycle is the same screen every time. A blink on the host's clock would have made every saved picture a matter of luck. Off unless asked for, with bit 2 of the control port. That is right for a machine - a program painting its own screen does not want something blinking in the middle of it - and CosmOS asks for one at boot. It also asks again when it takes the console back from a program that has stopped, because a program handing key mode back the way it was told to writes zero, which turns the cursor off. The shell owns the prompt, so the shell is what makes sure there is something blinking at it. Nine more checks in Tests/video.sh, to 41: that the attribute colours the ink and not the paper, that XOR 8 turns both, that it reads back, that a cursor appears where the registers put it and only when asked for, and that it goes dark again half a million cycles later. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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978aec4809 |
Let the console edit a line, and let a file be a keyboard
BACKSPACE REACHED THE SHELL. A terminal in line mode does not hand a program every keystroke: it collects a line, rubs out a backspace, and delivers the finished thing at Return. CosmOS has always relied on that, and behind a window there is no terminal to do it, so the raw 0x08 went into the command buffer. Correcting a typo produced a line that looked perfectly right on the screen and matched no command at all - "I do not know: help". So the console does it, because behind a window the console IS the terminal. In key mode it does not, and must not: a program in key mode asked for every keystroke as it happens. CosmOS now asks for eighty columns at boot. Its own help text is seventy-four characters wide, and dir, the monitor and the assembler's messages all assume room. The machine still wakes up in the smaller mode, which is right for a machine - it is the system that knows what shape of screen its own output needs, and a game that wants forty columns says so. AND A FILE CAN BE A KEYBOARD, which is the part that matters beyond today. The console behind a window is not the console behind a terminal, and until now the difference was unreachable: it broke twice in two days and a person typing found it both times. --keyboard installs the same hook a window does, so the same path runs, and the manifest has a column for it. cosmosTyped types "halp", backs over it, arrives at "help", and requires the help to come out. Verified by removing the rub-out, which loses the whole help text. It does not test the window. Voyager's key queue and everything about presenting frames are still out of reach. It tests the console, which is where the logic is. Along the way: VOY_OBJS was missing from the dependency include, so voyager.o never rebuilt when a header changed. EmulatorOptions grew a field, Voyager kept an object that disagreed about the size of the struct, and smashed its stack on every run. A clean build hides it and 'make sanitize' cleans first, so that would never have found it either. Tests/voyager.sh did, by failing all 115 tests that start the machine - which is the differential test earning its keep on a bug that has nothing to do with what it was built to check. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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761c11a66b |
Add run-voyager, and make running depend on the disk
The jitter was a stale disk. An image built before the escape sequences came out still had the old Snake on it, which sends ESC [ H every frame: the console swallows the escape, because it is below the font's first character, and then draws "[H" as two ordinary letters. So every frame began two characters to the right and one line further down than the last, and the board walked down the screen. Not timing at all. WHAT IS ON A DISK IS WHATEVER WAS BUILT WHEN THE DISK WAS MADE, and a machine whose console has changed will start that image quite happily. That is the compatibility break we chose when the parser came out, and it is fine - but it should not be a puzzle, so both run targets depend on the disk rather than merely using it, and both READMEs say why. run-voyager boots the same disk on the machine with a screen. It existed only as EMU=../Voyager in front of run-cosmos, which is not a thing anybody should have to know. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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310804e267 |
Give Snake back the speed its comment promised, and present in step with the display
Two things, one certain and one likely. THE CERTAIN ONE IS NOT THE WINDOW'S FAULT. Snake's pause loop said "at the emulated rate this is about an eighth of a second", and it was, when a cycle was one instruction. A cycle became one memory access, every loop in the machine got dearer, and this one silently doubled: the game has been running at half the speed it documents ever since, in a terminal as much as in a window. Measured rather than guessed - the inner loop is a DECA and a BNA, one byte and three, so four cycles a turn, and a whole run went from 3,848,610 cycles to 1,920,504 when the outer count came down from 256 to 122. Almost exactly half, which is what the arithmetic said it would be. That is the cost model change reaching a program nobody thought to re-measure. Worth looking for others: any loop tuned by eye before that change is running at half its intended speed. THE LIKELY ONE is the frame limiter. Without the vsync hint, Raylib sleeps towards sixty frames a second on its own clock, which beats against a display refreshing on its own - frames shown twice or skipped, and the machine handed an uneven number of cycles each time, since it takes its budget from the wall clock. The hint puts presentation in step with the screen. SetTargetFPS stays for a driver that ignores it. Snake is one byte bigger, because RSTB became INIB. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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43a05b3df1 |
Replace the escape parser with cursor registers
The console had grown an ANSI parser, and that was the wrong shape. ANSI exists because a screen used to be on the other end of a serial line and a byte stream was the only channel there was. This screen is memory the program can already address, so reaching it by sending characters for a state machine to take apart is a middleman for something the machine does better - and it meant accepting an open protocol somebody else defines, in hardware, with no natural end to it. Everything else on this machine is registers. So the console gets three: cursor row at 0x03, cursor column at 0x04, and a command port at 0x05 where 1 clears the screen. Both cursor registers are READ as well as written, which is the thing an escape cannot do without sending a query and parsing a reply - a routine that wants to put the cursor back where it found it can now ask. Clearing is one command against a thousand cells walked one at a time. Snake and Life are smaller for it: 2,168 bytes to 2,163 and 1,410 to 1,396. A HOST TERMINAL STILL SPEAKS ANSI, and bridging to the host is the emulator's job, the same job it does reading standard input. So the escapes are now GENERATED, outbound, for the set this device chooses, rather than parsed inbound as though the machine were a terminal. The set cannot grow behind our backs because we are the ones saying it. The cursor is announced lazily, at the next character rather than at the register write, so setting a row and a column costs one sequence rather than two. The console's block widens from three ports to six, which registryTest noticed: it had been asking about port 0x05 precisely BECAUSE nothing was there, and the console had just moved in. Re-blessing it would have left it checking nothing, so it asks about 0x80 instead - clear of the console, the disk, the screen, the controller, and the sound device coming to 0x40. Six checks in Tests/video.sh swapped from the sequences to the registers, including that the cursor reads back and that one sent past the edge is clamped rather than refusing. Those checks also stopped counting bytes from the ends of a file, which had quietly started measuring an escape the moment the console began announcing the cursor. SplitLint caught the one thing worth catching in the port: the clear command leaves A at 1 and key mode is also 1, so the second load looks redundant. Acting on it would tie a console command to a console mode by coincidence, and break silently if either ever moved, so it is suppressed with that reason rather than removed. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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bdb2d0d8e6 |
Keep a key until it is asked for
Input worked at the shell and not in Snake, and that split is the whole diagnosis: the shell blocks on a read, Snake polls the READY bit. Only the polling path was broken. RAYLIB CLEARS ITS CHARACTER QUEUE ON EVERY POLL, and a poll happens inside EndDrawing, so a key survives exactly one frame unless something takes it in that frame. The window presents sixty times a second and Snake looks about ten, so five keys in six were thrown away by the next present before the game ever glanced at them. A blocking read presented and then looked immediately, which is why the shell never noticed. The window now keeps its own queue, drained from Raylib at every present and emptied only when the console actually takes a byte. That is what this machine already promises about its console, and Snake's own comment is the specification: "the console keeps the next key until it is asked for, so a key pressed while the snake was moving is still there next frame". The hook was not honouring it. Asking the queue first also makes the two questions the same question. A poll takes whatever is waiting and returns at once, and a blocking read takes whatever is waiting, then presents a frame and looks again - so neither path can see a key the other would have missed. The queue drops its oldest when it fills, so somebody leaning on the keyboard while a program ignores it cannot push out what they typed most recently. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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556a14b288 |
Teach the console the sequences the corpus already speaks, and let the status port see the window
Three things Snake found the moment somebody ran it in a window, and all three are the same kind of mistake: the console grew a screen and kept asking the terminal. IT COULD NOT CLEAR THE SCREEN. Every program here that moves a cursor does it with ANSI escapes, because until there was a screen the thing on the other end was somebody's terminal. The controller drew "[2J" as three letters and left the board underneath. It now parses them, which is what a video terminal did - a VT100 is exactly this. The whole corpus uses two, ESC[2J and ESC[H, and the general shape is recognised so anything else is swallowed rather than drawn: a sequence nobody implemented should leave no marks. Cursor positioning is in too, since it is the same parse and one line more. IT DID NOT SEE KEYS FROM THE WINDOW, but did when the terminal behind it was focused, which is the whole diagnosis in one sentence. Snake polls the READY bit and never blocks, and consoleFetch - what the status port asks - was polling standard input regardless of whether a front end had installed a hook. So a window's keys were invisible to every program that looks before it reads, and a keystroke aimed at the terminal would be picked up instead. The hook now takes a question. Zero is the status port looking, and must not present or sleep: a program polling in a loop would otherwise be charged a frame for every glance. One is the data port blocking, where presenting is exactly right, because a machine waiting for a key is still a machine somebody is looking at. One value for both would have made either polling ruinous or waiting dead. AND IT RAN SLOWLY, which was the same bug wearing a hat: a game that never receives a steering key is a game that only ever goes one way. Six more checks in Tests/video.sh, to 32: that ESC[2J clears, that ESC[H goes to the corner without disturbing what is drawn, that ESC[3;5H counts rows and columns from one, and that an unknown sequence is swallowed and leaves nothing behind. The hook itself is still the one thing here the suite cannot reach - it exists only when there is a window, and this host has no display. It was found by a person playing Snake, which is where the Test Manual says these go on being found. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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6f8ad42277 |
Fill the window, let it be resized, and make black black
Three things a person looking at a real screen found in five minutes, none of which the headless tests could have seen. THE PICTURE FILLED A QUARTER OF THE WINDOW. The window opened at the largest screen the device can make, doubled, and then drew a 320 by 200 mode at that same doubling - so three quarters of it was bezel. It now takes the largest whole-number scale that fits: the two modes are exactly a factor of two apart and the window opens at twice the larger, so both fill it exactly, at four and at two. Changing mode changes how sharp the screen is rather than how big it is. Whole numbers on purpose. A 320 by 200 picture stretched by 2.7 has some rows twice as tall as their neighbours, which on eight pixel glyphs is the difference between text and mush. THE WINDOW WOULD NOT RESIZE. It does now, and the picture rescales to whatever it becomes, still in whole pixels and still centred. How big somebody wants a screen is not the machine's business. AND BLACK WAS NOT BLACK. Both the paper and the bezel were tinted towards green, on the theory that a phosphor never was neutral. On a real screen that reads as a fault rather than as character: a background that is nearly black looks like a background that failed to be black. Paper is black now and ink is a neutral grey, because a default should be the unsurprising thing - anything with a point of view about colour is 254 palette entries away and belongs to a program. The bezel is a clearly lighter grey, so what is left over when the window's shape does not match the picture's looks like a bezel rather than like more screen. The two checks that name the waking colours name the new ones. That they had to change is the check working: they say what they depend on rather than assuming it. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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773b0f8add |
Put CosmOS on the screen without changing a line of it
The console is now a display controller as well as a port: it owns a font, keeps a cursor, handles newline, carriage return, backspace and wrapping, and scrolls. That is an ordinary kind of chip - it is what a video terminal's character generator did - and it is the reason this rung needed no changes to CosmOS at all. CosmOS already writes bytes to port 0x00. It writes to BOTH the screen and standard output, which is deliberate. A machine with a screen and a serial line is an ordinary machine, the emulator's standard output is that serial line, and one console drives both. It is also what keeps all 165 recorded results passing under Voyager, and what makes --screen work on the plain SplitBit: there is one console and it drives everything it has. Scrolling moves the video device's origin and no memory. The row arriving at the bottom is cleared because the map is a ring and it holds what was there 128 rows ago; the rows going off the top are not, and that is a hundred rows of scrollback nothing had to keep. The test reads the register back rather than looking at the screen, because a console blitting rows instead would look identical and cost twelve percent of a frame for every line printed. The font is vendored from Hatchet-GPU with a note saying where it came from, since that repository is not part of this one. 135 glyphs in ASCII order, which is the thing that makes it worth keeping - PETSCII's whole inconvenience was that its order was not ASCII's, so a machine using it needed a translation table in front of every string. Here the machine subtracts 32. It is stored one bit a pixel and expanded into tile memory at reset: 1,088 bytes against 16 kilobytes. Voyager gets a keyboard. A window has no standard input, and a machine blocking on it inside a frame would stop drawing and stop answering, so a front end with a window installs a hook that the console calls while it has nothing: it keeps the window alive and hands back a key. The hook has to tell "nobody has typed yet", which happens sixty times a second, apart from "the window has gone", which is the end of input - one value for both would have made the first keystroke look like a closed machine. In line mode the console echoes what it is given, because there is no terminal behind a window to do it and that was always the terminal's job. Tests/video.sh grew from 14 checks to 26, half of them about the console rather than the device: those programs ask the video device for nothing and write bytes to port 0x00 like every SplitBit program always has. Verified by breaking two things - removing the scroll failed exactly the two checks about scrolling, and removing the cursor advance failed exactly the three that depend on it. Two video checks had quietly depended on palette entry 0 being black, which stopped being true the moment a machine woke up able to show text. They now set what they are about to look at, and a new check pins the waking state itself. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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83623a3df3 |
Give the Voyager a screen
A tile engine on ports 0x30 to 0x3F, bringing one bank of video memory registered the way the disk's buffer is. The CPU writes cell indices and the device turns them into pixels, which is the whole reason a screen is affordable at a megahertz: a frame is 16,667 cycles, a full 320 by 200 picture is 64,000 bytes, and a 40 by 25 map is 2,000. A program that changes two cells writes four bytes. The cost of a screen becomes the number of cells that changed rather than the number of pixels on it. Which makes colour depth free, so the tiles are eight bits: an 8 by 8 cell is 64 pixels and each picks independently out of 256 colours, with no per-cell limit of the kind that made a Spectrum two and C64 multicolour four. The low nibble of a cell's attribute is ADDED to every index in its tile, sixteen at a time, so a tile drawn in 0 to 15 appears in any of sixteen schemes without a second copy in tile memory - and a tile wanting all 256 leaves the nibble at zero and gets them. Neither use costs the other anything. Two decisions are arithmetic rather than taste, and both come from the machine having no multiply. A map row is a page whether the mode fills it or not, so a cell address is the row number as the high byte and the doubled column as the low byte with no arithmetic at all; otherwise every cursor move on a 40 column screen would cost a row-times-40 in software. And a palette entry is four bytes rather than three, so entry n is at n times four, a shift. THE MAP IS A RING and the Scroll register says which of its 128 rows is on top. Scrolling moves a register and no memory: blitting a 40 by 25 screen up one line is 1,920 bytes inside one bank, which is twelve percent of a frame even with the controller widened, and a program printing one page would spend six frames shuffling memory. It is now one port write - and the rows that scrolled off are still there, which is where a terminal gets scrollback it never had. The device is part of the machine rather than part of the window. It renders into a buffer that is a pure function of video memory, so the same program draws the same picture with nobody watching; Voyager puts that buffer on the glass and decides nothing. Both binaries take --screen, which saves a PPM when the machine stops, and that is what makes a screen checkable on a host with no display at all. Tests/video.sh checks fourteen named behaviours rather than comparing a recorded image, because a recorded image would say "something changed" and leave which of the palette, the tile, the attribute, the map or the scroll register broke to be found by hand. Verified by breaking three things in turn: the additive nibble failed exactly one check, the scroll origin exactly two, and moving every cell one pixel sideways exactly the four about placement. Tests/docs.sh could not count past nine, which is how a suite of ten scripts reported itself as wrong for the wrong reason. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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e3ef25e3b3 |
Split the machine from its front end, and add Voyager
The Segan Voyager is the same SplitBit with a screen and a speaker instead of a terminal, and this is the rung that makes there be two of them at all. Everything that is actually the machine - the CPU, the controller, the devices, the run loop, the reporting - moves to machine.c, and each front end brings one file of its own. emulator.c is now sixty lines of argument handling and a three line loop. The machine runs in SLICES rather than to completion, because that is the cut a window needs: run a slice, present a frame, run another. A terminal runs slices until the machine stops. Both loops are three lines, which is why the cut is there rather than anywhere else. At this stage Voyager's window is empty. There is no video device yet and inventing a temporary way to draw would mean building something to throw away. PLAIN MAKE STILL WORKS WITH NO GRAPHICS LIBRARY. Raylib is probed by compiling and linking against it rather than by looking for a file, because a header with no library behind it passes a file check and then fails at link time. Where it is missing, make says so once and builds everything else - the machine, the assembler, the disk tool, the linter and the whole suite. A project about a small understandable CPU should not need OpenGL to run its tests. That nearly broke here: make strict globs Source/Emulator/*.c, so it would have tried to compile voyager.c and failed on precisely the machines the split exists to support, and this machine has Raylib so nothing would have caught it. Tests/voyager.sh runs the WHOLE MANIFEST through Voyager and holds it to the recorded results SplitBit is held to. Not that the two look alike: that one satisfies every recording the other does, byte for byte, exit status included. It reuses run.sh, which now takes the machine from SPLITBIT_EMULATOR, rather than keeping a second copy of the runner that would drift. Voyager not being built is not a failure - it says so and passes. Verified both ways. Made Voyager print one extra line, and 114 of 165 failed: exactly the tests that run the emulator, with the 51 assemble-only and xfail cases correctly untouched. Removed the binary, and the script skipped. Built with HAVE_RAYLIB=no, and everything else still built and checked clean. --headless is taken out of the arguments in voyager.c rather than in the shared parser, which should not learn about a window only one binary has. It exists so the suite can run this binary at all: a front end that could only be exercised by a person looking at it would be a front end nothing checks. loadFile takes a const char * now, which it always should have. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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4c3eac8d9c |
Widen the memory controller's path to sixteen bits
The controller now reaches bank memory two bytes at a time, so a transfer whose source, destination and length are all even moves two bytes a cycle between banks and one within a bank - twice what each was. A 256 byte block between banks falls from 257 cycles to 129. Alignment is required all three ways because a word is read at an even address and written at an even address; an odd anything would mean shifting bytes across word boundaries to line them up, which is a different design. A misaligned transfer falls back to the byte a cycle it cost before, so nothing already written got slower. THE CPU DOES NOT CHANGE. It still sees eight bits, a Data Pointer still addresses a byte, and no instruction means anything different. This is a peripheral getting faster, which is why it is worth doing now rather than after more is built on top of it. The rule is deliberately visible rather than smoothed over: aligning a buffer costs nothing and halves what moving it costs, and a cost a program cannot see is a cost it cannot avoid. Tests/cycles.sh is new, and is the test the Test Manual has always said this kind of change would need - run.sh strips the cycle count from every recorded result, so nothing else in the suite can see any of this. It pins the RATE rather than a total: each case runs twice from programs whose instructions are identical but for the byte written to the Command port, once asking for the transfer and once for GuardOff, which costs nothing beyond the port write. The difference is the transfer and nothing else. Verified by disabling the widening, which failed exactly the three aligned cases and left the five misaligned ones passing. The Programming Manual gains a section saying what a transfer costs, which it never said at all - it only promised a transfer does not wait, which is a different claim and could be read as promising it is free. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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c3c2451afe |
Say what the strict build and the sanitizers actually establish
Three claims in the Test Manual were true enough to pass and loose enough to mislead. The headline said the two assemblers produce identical bytes and the two filesystems produce identical disks, with no qualifier. That reads as universal and is not: it is evidence about the corpus assembled and the operations performed. The detailed sections already said so; the headline now says so too, because a document arguing about what evidence is worth cannot overstate its own. "Compiles under strict ISO C" omitted -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=700. The check is strict C11 with the POSIX interfaces the code uses explicitly selected - realpath, strdup, dirname and getopt - not freestanding ISO C, and the flag is part of the check rather than a hole in it. And the sanitizer section leaned on AddressSanitizer's junk fill, which is a toolchain default this build does not configure and which buys almost nothing here anyway: there are six heap allocations in the whole repository, all in the assembler, the largest a deliberate calloc, and the machine's own memories are static arrays the sanitizers neither fill nor bound-check. That last part is the overrun blind spot seen from the other side, so it now points at it. The same claim is corrected in the makefile, where it originated. Found by ChatGPT reviewing the manual. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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8fbbeb6ec9 |
Make xfail compare the diagnostic, not just the failure
The Test Manual said an xfail test records the assembler's refusal message and so catches both an error that stops being detected and a message that changes without anybody meaning it to. It did not. run.sh checked only that the assembler exited non zero, printed the first line for a person to read, and compared nothing; --bless recorded nothing for these sixteen tests at all. So an xfail passed four different ways that look identical from outside: the intended error fired, an unrelated error fired, the message changed, or the assembler fell over on its way to the point. That is the documentation describing behaviour the code does not have, which is the exact failure Tests/docs.sh exists to prevent, in the manual that argues for knowing what your evidence is worth. The diagnostic is now stripped of colour, given the same [exit N] line every other recorded result carries, and compared through check() like anything else. Sixteen results recorded; every existing one is byte for byte unchanged. Verified the way the manual asks: one diagnostic was broken on purpose, its test failed with the changed line in the diff, and its neighbour passed. Found by ChatGPT reviewing the manual. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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999451e935 |
Ignore External, which is other people's repositories
soundThing and Hatchet-GPU are kept in the working tree to be read, not built: one is where the synthesizer comes from, the other is where the 8x8 font and the scroll register idea come from. Neither belongs to this repository. They carry their own .git directories, their own build outputs and three compiled binaries between them, and a plain 'git add -A' would have taken all of it. What this repository takes from them will be vendored deliberately, with a note in the file saying where it came from and what changed. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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AnachronautandClaude Opus 5
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d6bc416698 |
Write the Test Manual, and make the suite check it
The test system had grown to seven scripts making five genuinely different kinds of claim, and nothing said which was which. A recorded transcript and a byte-for-byte comparison against a second implementation both print [ok ] and are worth wildly different amounts, so the fourth manual exists to say so: what each script can and cannot answer, why every determinism rule is there, how to add a test, and - the part written nowhere else - where the suite is blind. That last section is the reason for the document. Three buffer overruns into adjacent variables were all found by a person using the machine and none by the suite, the sanitizers cannot see them because emulated Data Memory is one legitimate host array, and there is no second opinion about the CPU at all. A document listing only strengths teaches the wrong lesson. The bullets describing each script move out of the README, so docs.sh now reads the manual for them, and five more numbers in it are settled from the source rather than trusted: the shape of the manifest, the xfail count, how many fixture disks makedisks.sh builds, how large the lint baseline is, and the tool count in either document. Each of the new checks was broken on purpose and watched to report before being kept, which is the discipline the manual itself argues for. Also drops the stale "70 instructions" from instructiontable.py's docstring. There are 72, and a number that carries no meaning is better removed than corrected. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01E2JrLzFvuFX9fgi1LDRjrW |
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Anachronaut
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79727044b7 |
Reboot, and the machine device that makes it possible
Until now the only way to restart was to stop the emulator and run it again, which meant the one thing the machine could not do was the thing Once was written for. The loop now closes without leaving it: > Once /System/Boot/bare.bin next start: /System/Boot/bare.bin, once > Reboot starting again stage two just this once: /System/Boot/bare.bin bare metal: no system, just this Writing 1 to port 0x13 asks the machine to start over. A PORT RATHER THAN A SERVICE, because a reset has to work when the system does not: something only askable through SWI would be unavailable in exactly the case that wants it most, and a program that owns the whole machine has no system to ask. It is device class 0x04, in the range kept for the machine rather than among the peripherals, because it is not one - it is not attached to anything and cannot be unplugged. WHAT A RESET REPEATS IS HOW THE MACHINE STARTED. Named an image, the emulator places it again; named none, the ROM is shadowed again and reads the disk. Anything else would mean a reset changed what the machine IS, which is the one thing a reset must not do. Both are tested. Taken between instructions, because a device cannot restart the machine from inside the instruction that asked: the CPU is part way through a step and its state is not yet anything a reset could leave behind consistently. The disk stays attached and keeps everything written to it - that is what warm means. The vector table is cleared, which is the one deliberate departure from leaving memory alone: a vector points into whatever installed it, and after a reset that program is not running, so a handler left behind would aim an interrupt at an address belonging to something gone. It is the argument CosmOS already makes at exit, applied to the machine. Reboot is 45 bytes, most of them the word it prints. |
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Anachronaut
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7b28f48f52 |
Once: start something else on the next start, and only that one
A program that owns the whole machine had nowhere to run. It cannot be started from the shell, because starting it means there is no shell, and pointing boot.cfg at it means a machine that keeps starting it - which is a poor place to find a mistake in something written five minutes ago. Once writes /System/Boot/once.cfg, in the same format as boot.cfg and read with the same routines, because a second format for one setting would be a second format. The loader reads it before boot.cfg and DELETES IT BEFORE IT JUMPS, which is the only moment there is: after the jump the loader does not exist. Consumed by being read rather than by working, so a one shot that hangs cannot hang twice - the request is gone before the image ran, and the next start reads boot.cfg like any other. THE BOOT STATE IS NOT TOUCHED, and the first version got that wrong. It marked the start the way any other start is marked, and then every successful bare metal boot reported that it had never arrived - because a program with the whole machine has no filesystem to clear a mark with and is doing nothing wrong by not having one. Found by running it: the image printed its line and the next start still said the last one did not. Three disks, each a start further along, so none of the tests depends on another having run. The loop is closed on the machine now: write it in Edit, assemble it with Asm, ask for it with Once, restart, watch it own the machine, and the system comes back without being asked. |
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Anachronaut
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89c667848b |
Edit read a file into a buffer it never checked the size of
Opening hello.asm showed a thirty one line file as three, one of them cut short. Opening it again hung the machine: the emulator kept running and nothing ever answered. Entry is the buffer a line is read into, and it is followed in memory by TextHead and ArenaFree - the head of the document, and the pointer its line allocator hands out. The loop that splits a file into lines copied characters in WITH NO BOUND AT ALL, so a 94 character line wrote thirteen bytes over both of them. The list head then pointed into the middle of the text and the allocator handed out an address inside the file, which is why the second open walked a list that led back into itself for ever. Typing was always safe. osReadLine is told how much room there is, so a new document behaved perfectly and a source file did not - which is exactly how the user found it, and why it looked like a mystery rather than a bug. The bound is there now, and the buffer is 128 characters: what a line is everywhere else on this machine, the same number configuration files use, rather than a second answer to a question already answered. hello.asm fits. A file with a longer line is REFUSED rather than shortened. This is an editor - a line cut on the way in would be written back cut, and the file damaged by having been looked at. It says so and exits with a status of one, which it can do since this afternoon; the file is byte identical afterwards, and the test checks that. Opened twice in the test, because once is not enough to see it: the first open does the damage and the second is what never returns. This is the third time this shape has turned up: a buffer written past its end into the variables that happened to follow it. The prompt walked off CwdText into the shell's own command names; the assembler's output ran into its label table. Every one was found by a person using the machine. |
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Anachronaut
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87d819847e |
A program can say how it went
SWI osExit takes a status in A, and the shell keeps it. Fifty eight exits across twenty three programs now say deliberately whether they worked: 25 did what they were asked, 24 did not, 9 were asked wrongly. Compare is the exception and says so - one there means the files differ, which is a result rather than a failure, the way diff has always had it. IN A RATHER THAN Q, which is not a departure from the rule that a service answers in Q. This one takes an ARGUMENT, the way osPrintNumber takes A and B, and it never returns to answer anything. A is free precisely because a return would have put it back - and Q is the ALU's output, so a small number costs four instructions there against one in A. The shell does not print it. A program that failed has already said so in words and a number beside that is noise, so osLastStatus hands it back and Status is the program that shows it. That indirection is the point: the number exists for the thing that cannot read words. MARKING THE EXITS FOUND A DEFECT ON THE FIRST RUN. Type and More printed why they had failed and then fell through into the success exit, reporting that all was well. Nobody had noticed, because while the only reader was a person, the person could see both the complaint and the claim. Two smaller things. Snake sets the console to line mode and then exits with zero, and the linter flagged the second RSTA as redundant - an exit status and a console mode, equal by accident, which is the class that must never be collapsed. And the README still taught answering by writing into the frame, three months of habit that SRET replaced yesterday; that section is gone and the one describing SRET stands in its place. |
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Anachronaut
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b4206673a6 |
The clean install disk is one the machine can start itself from
make run-cosmos handed the emulator a boot image AND a disk, so it took the direct path every time: memory placed from outside, nothing on the disk consulted about it. The whole boot chain was built and tested and then not used by the one command that runs the system. The disk is formatted with a boot area now, stage two goes into slot zero as raw bytes, and the system is an ordinary file at /System/Boot/cosmos.bin - which is what boot.cfg would choose between if there were one. There is not: stage two falls back to that name when the file is missing, and a clean install with nothing to configure is the right default. run-cosmos names no image, so the machine starts itself. The old behaviour is run-cosmos-direct, which is worth keeping and worth naming honestly: it is what a debugger does, and it is what to use when the thing being debugged is the boot chain, since it skips the boot chain. /Source gains stage1.asm and stage2.asm, so the machine can rebuild what starts it. Everything stage two includes is already in /Lib, so Asm stage2.asm on the machine produces the bytes a boot slot takes. Stage one is the exception and always will be: it is the ROM, and the one part of this that a disk cannot replace. Second slot left empty, which is what makes replacing the first survivable. |
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Anachronaut
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f1cc2e56b2 |
The last handler that knew a frame offset
handleReadLine used DP1 for the frame and the conversion only looked for DP2, so it kept the whole dance - and the dance had become a no-op that looked like work: MVQA copied Q into A, A was written over the saved Q, and RETI restored it, which is where it started. readLine leaves the length in Q and SRET keeps Q, so the answer simply stands. No handler in CosmOS knows what an interrupt frame looks like now. The 0d02 and 0d05 offsets still in the file are structures - an SBEX header, an entry in the instruction table - and not frames. |
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Anachronaut
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61a80ae13d |
Put the manual's sections back in opcode order
The user's edit. Moving branches to 0x60 and subroutines to 0x70 left their sections sitting where they used to be numerically, between the ALU and the registers, so the manual read in an order the opcode map no longer did. The list has always been arranged by opcode sequence rather than by importance or by how often a thing is used - arbitrary, and now canon. |
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Anachronaut
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c8c9f0b363 |
SRET: a handler answers the way a subroutine does
CALL saves A, B and Data Pointers 0 to 2 and nothing else, which is exactly why Q and DP3 are how a subroutine hands something back. An interrupt saves all of it, so a service with an answer had to reach into its own frame and un-save two fields by hand: MVSD.2 DPUP.2 0d02 ; the saved Q, by an offset it had to know STA.2 RETI Thirty places in CosmOS did that. Every one knew the frame's layout by heart, and all thirty would have gone quietly wrong the day the frame gained a field - the same duplicated fact this project keeps being bitten by, except duplicated into thirty places AND into the CPU. SRET is 0x76, in the seat the block split left for it. It is RETI's frame with RET's rule applied: A, B and DP0 to DP2 come back, the saved Q and DP3 are dropped, and the Interrupt Flag is restored from the frame - only that bit, so carry survives a service the way it survives a call, and there is one rule rather than two. RETI stays exactly as it was: a hardware handler has nothing to say and must leave no trace. CosmOS is 10,969 bytes against 11,122, and no handler knows a frame offset. TWO MISTAKES WORTH RECORDING, both mine, both caught by tests. The first conversion matched STA.2 with a regular expression that did not allow a trailing comment, so it ran past the end of one handler and into the next. The second understood the pattern and still got it wrong: the old frame write carried the answer from A into the saved Q slot, so simply deleting the write left Q holding whatever it happened to hold. Services that answer by calling something were fine - Q already had it - and services that set A directly silently reported success for every failure. cosmosCwd is what noticed, by saying "cannot go there" about a directory that was there. Sixteen handlers move the answer into Q now. Seven MVQA went with it. They copied Q into A so the frame write could carry it; SRET puts A back, so they moved a value nobody would ever read. |
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Anachronaut
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cd5f548736 |
Move the opcode map: nothing in 0x0X, and room for a return variant
Three blocks move and nothing else changes. Branches take 0x60, subroutines take 0x70, and the ALU moves up into the 0x10 block the two of them used to share. Order within each block is preserved exactly - this relocates them, it does not rethink them. WHAT IT BUYS IS AN EMPTY 0x00 TO 0x0F. Program Memory that was never written, or a load that stopped part way and left zeroes in its tail, used to read as a long run of ADDs: the machine carried on through them, arrived somewhere unpredictable, and whatever broke there was a long way from the byte that caused it. Now it faults where it is met: Fault: 0x00 at Program Address 0x0004 is not an instruction. That is the address of the byte after the last real instruction, which is the difference between a diagnosis and a search. Reserving the whole nibble rather than just 0x00 means a run into blank memory faults wherever it starts rather than only when it lands on the right byte. runOffTest records it, and the block is left empty for whatever turns out to want it. The other half is room: branches and subroutines had filled 0x10 to 0x1F between them, so a service return that keeps Q and DP3 had nowhere to sit next to its family. It has 0x76 waiting now. Five places wrote an opcode down that the scripted remap did not reach, and four of them were found by tests rather than by looking: - secondPass.c lists which opcodes take an address, and firstPass.c knows SWI by number. Missing those made XOR read as a branch. - Asm.asm knows SWI by number too, being the other assembler. Missing it made the native and host assemblers disagree byte for byte, which is exactly the check that exists to catch a thing known in two places. - loaderTest.asm carries a hand written payload, and its RETI was 0x19. To the assembler those are numbers and to the program they are data, so nothing but running it could notice. It says so in a comment now. - The Assembler Manual prints the bytes hello.asm assembles to, and two of them were branches. The monitor's recorded disassembly moved by exactly the bytes it should: 18 became 72 wherever SWI appears, with SETD and INIB untouched and every disassembled line still reading the same. |
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Anachronaut
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ce2a2cd7e6 |
Settle is a program, and a machine with no fallback still starts
The boot state opened a loop that could not be closed from inside: the machine said "settle it to try again" and gave you no way to do so. Settle closes it, in 349 bytes. A PROGRAM RATHER THAN A SHELL WORD. The shell is for the things that cannot be done without it, and this is not one - it reaches the system through SWI like anything else, which means it can be replaced, left off a disk, or called by whatever comes to call programs in turn. That last one is the point: a shell word is not callable by anything. Two services for it. osBootState answers in Q, and a machine with no disk answers settled, because there is nothing there to be unsettled about. osBootSettle puts it back. SETTLING IS THE ONLY WRITE A PROGRAM GETS - marking a start as trying or fallen back is the loader's business, and a service that let a program claim either would let it lie about something the loader has no way to check. And a hole the tests walked into, which was mine rather than theirs. With no fallback configured, a failed start left the machine unable to start at all: the mark said do not use the system, and there was nothing else to use. That turns "the last start failed" into "no start is permitted", which is worse than the problem the mark was added to solve. With nothing to fall back to it now tries the configuration again and says so - a failure that was passing recovers, and one that is not leaves the machine exactly where it would have been without any of this, which is the most that can be promised when there is only one thing to start. docs.sh caught both new services having no row in the services table before anything else did. |
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Anachronaut
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dc74149321 |
B4: the disk remembers whether the last start arrived
The loader marks the superblock before it hands over and the system clears the mark when it reaches its prompt, so a system that crashes on the way there leaves it set. The loader finding it still set next time is how a machine that will not start says so to the only thing in a position to do anything about it. Without that, pointing boot.cfg at something that dies before the shell is a machine that can never be told anything again - the shell is the only way to change the file, and the file is what stops the shell from starting. Three states rather than two, and the third is the one worth having: 0 settled the last start arrived; use the configuration 1 trying handed over, and nothing came back to say it got there 2 fell back a try failed and the fallback was used, until settled With only 0 and 1 the machine alternates for ever: fall back, reach a prompt, clear the mark, retry the broken system, crash, fall back. State 2 stops that. A system known not to start is not tried again until somebody says the situation has changed. REACHING THE PROMPT IS A DELIBERATE THRESHOLD. It is not a claim that the system works - a shell can be reached by something broken in every other way. It is the point where a person can type, which is exactly what the fallback exists to give back: anything wrong past there is fixable from the prompt and nothing wrong before it is fixable at all. The routines live in sbfs.asm because both the loader and the system read and write this byte, and two pieces of code with their own idea of where a byte lives is what this format has two implementations and a byte for byte comparison to avoid. And the trap this system documents in its own manual caught me anyway: the first version handed the state back in A, which CALL restores, so every read got whatever the caller happened to be holding. It comes back in memory now, and the comment says why. Three disks differing only in the state on them, so the tests read as three consecutive starts of one machine while none depends on another running. |
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Anachronaut
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546f336823 |
Configuration files, and boot.cfg as the first of them
One setting to a line: a key, a space, the rest of the line is the value. A semicolon starts a comment. The format was noticed rather than designed - textSplit already cuts the first word off a line and leaves the rest, and textSame already insists two strings end together, so reading a setting is those two routines and a loop. It is also what the shell reads, which makes a configuration line a command line the machine reads instead of a person typing one. The format was chosen by asking what the BOOT LOADER could manage, because it is the worst case in every direction: a few kilobytes, no operating system to report to, and if it fails the machine does not start. Two formats would be worse than one and the loader cannot have the richer one. CONFIGURATION IS ADVICE. A missing file, a missing key, an unusable value, a line too long to read: all of them mean use the default and none is a failure. BUT QUIET IS NOT SILENT - a setting somebody meant, which did not take effect, says so. That was the user's addition and it is the better rule: the default alone leaves the only symptom being that the machine did not do what somebody asked. So two routines. cfgGet reads and says nothing, because reading three settings should not report one bad line three times. cfgCheck reads the file once and reports, and is handed the caller's list of keys - whether a key means anything is the only part of this a shared reader cannot judge. /System/Boot/ holds the boot files, and stage two reads boot.cfg for what to start, with a fallback to try if it does not work and a name compiled in for when the file says nothing. THE TEST FOUND A REAL BUG, and it is the interaction I would not have thought to look for. First-match-wins met an empty value: a file with system system /System/Boot/bare.bin matched the first line, handed back nothing, and the machine tried to start a file with no name while a good setting sat underneath. An unusable value is an absent one - which is what "configuration is advice" says, and this is where it earns its keep. cfgBare starts an image with no operating system in it at all, which is what loading an ordinary boot image buys: a program wanting the whole machine is a file like any other, chosen the same way the system is. Three disks differing ONLY in boot.cfg, so each is a test of the file rather than of the machinery under it. |
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Anachronaut
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54ff7196c9 |
Stage 0: the emulator carries the ROM, so a disk is enough
./SplitBit --disk system.img stage two CosmOS > No boot image named. The emulator shadows its built in stage one into Program Memory - boot vector included - and the CPU then does exactly what it has always done: reads the boot vector and starts where it points. NOTHING ABOUT THE CPU CHANGED to make a machine that starts itself, which is what picking shadowing over a mapped ROM bought. The ROM is generated from Programs/Boot/stage1.asm by the makefile rather than committed beside it, because a copy of a program kept next to the program is a copy that goes stale. That makes the assembler a real dependency of the emulator, which it always sort of was and now says so. od and awk rather than xxd, which is not everywhere, or python, which the README does not ask anybody to install in order to build this. loadROM is loadFile given bytes instead of a path: both go through one reader over an fmemopen stream, because a ROM is a boot image and there is no reason for the machine to have two ways of understanding one. Naming an image still works and is what every other test here does. That path is not a shortcut to apologise for - placing memory from outside is a real thing real machines allow, and it is a debugger. The help says so now. No image and no disk is the one case with nothing to run, and it says that rather than printing a usage message about a missing file. run.sh gained a "rom" mode which hands the emulator a disk and nothing else. The source column still names stage1.asm, because that is what is IN the ROM: assembling it there says the thing the emulator carries is a thing that still assembles. |
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Anachronaut
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c312853f8e |
The machine starts itself
stage two CosmOS > saved it read it back, 22 bytes: Stage one hands over to stage two out of a boot slot; stage two mounts the filesystem, finds /System/cosmos.bin, takes the image apart and places its code, its data and its vector table, and jumps to the entry point the vectors named. Nothing placed memory for it. What it loads is an ORDINARY BOOT IMAGE, the same SPBT file the emulator has always been handed. That was the user's call and it is the whole trick: a second stage that loads the machine's normal image format is not a boot-specific mechanism, so bare metal SplitBit stops being a special case. A program wanting no operating system under it is just an image, written under CosmOS like any other, and startable because it is a file. Three things in it worth knowing: - THE ENTRY POINT IS CAUGHT ON ITS WAY PAST. Program Memory cannot be read back, so the boot vector cannot be looked up after being installed; the vector loop notices the one addressed at 0xFC00 and keeps it. - A missing "VEC" is not a fault. An image written before vectors existed simply ends after its data, and then the entry point is zero, which is what every such image has always relied on. - Feature flags that are set mean an image asking for a machine this may not be, and the honest answer to a request that cannot be understood is to refuse rather than to run it anyway. The test records that the system WORKS afterwards rather than that it started. A loaded program running is what says the vector table arrived, because a program reaches the system through SWI and nothing else; the file written and the directory entered say the filesystem and the console came up with it. A second disk has a boot slot and nothing to start, and says so rather than jumping somewhere. |
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Anachronaut
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82adeeb193 |
A boot payload can arrange its own Data Segment
Stage one places Program Memory and nothing else, because knowing where a payload's data ends and its code begins would mean knowing a format, and knowing formats is what ROM must do as little of as possible. But the real second stage needs a Data Segment: sbfs.asm has variables and a string it compares against. The answer needs nothing new. A loadable image is written into the slot as code followed by data, so the data image is already in Program Memory just past the code - and the payload's first instructions blit it down to where it was assembled for. Proved by slotData.asm, which prints from a string it placed itself. The padding is the part worth recording. The blit needs a length and the assembler will not work out the difference between two labels, so the segment is padded to a round number and that number is what gets copied. The first draft padded to 257 and copied 256, and the byte that did not arrive was padding, so it worked by luck. It is exact now and says why. This is the shape the user asked for and it goes further than the mechanism: the second stage becomes a loader for the machine's ORDINARY image format rather than for anything boot-specific, so bare metal SplitBit stops being a special case. A program that wants no operating system is just an image, developed under CosmOS like any other, and selectable at boot because it is a file. |
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Anachronaut
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d07b23f90b |
Rung 2: the machine starts itself off a disk
Stage one exists and works. It is 330 bytes of program and everything it knows is a thing that will be true forever: which port the disk is on, that a SplitBit disk begins with its own name, and where two numbers sit in that first block. Not what a file is, not what a directory is, not that SBFS has versions. It reads the live boot slot into Program Memory, jumps to the first byte, and prints one character and halts if there is nothing there. It is an ordinary boot image for now, so the whole chain runs on machinery that already exists and the emulator has not been touched. Nothing about it changes when it moves into ROM except who puts it in memory. SplitDisk gained "boot" to write a slot and "bootslot" to choose one, kept apart on purpose: writing a slot and starting from it are different decisions, and joining them would make every write a commitment. A slot is always written WHOLE, because one still holding the tail of what was there before is one whose contents depend on its history, and stage one reads all of it without knowing where the file stopped. Three recorded tests, and the pair is the point: two disks differing only in which slot the superblock names, with payloads that say different things. One prints "booted" and the other does not, so this is a test of CHOOSING a slot rather than a test that some bytes were read. The third boots a disk with no boot area and gets the one character a ROM has room for. Eight more host checks, including that a slot is padded whole. Two things worth recording. The first draft used #Align to put the scratch buffer at 0x8000 and produced a 33K file - thirty two kilobytes of zeroes in something meant to be a ROM. It is an address, not storage, which is exactly what the assembler's own scratch map exists to say. And SplitLint caught the second in code written an hour after the baseline that catches it. In the blit set-up, RSTA writes a source address of zero and then RSTA writes a bank number of zero - two unrelated quantities that are equal by accident, in the most safety critical file in the repository. It is marked with a reason rather than removed. |
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Anachronaut
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612bd1b97c |
B1: a boot area on the disk, reserved by arithmetic that was already there
The first rung of booting from disk. A boot area is blocks between the superblock and the directory that the filesystem never allocates and never sees, and NOTHING WAS ADDED TO RESERVE THEM: both implementations work out the first usable block as directoryStart + directoryBlocks, and directoryStart has always been a field rather than a constant. Formatting with the directory moved up reserves everything below it. Neither allocator changed, on either side. Two new superblock fields in bytes that were reserved: bootBlocks at 14, per slot, and bootSlot at 16. A disk made before this has zero in both, which reads as "no boot area" - true, and the same shape as the version two parent field, where the value an older disk already held was the right answer without conversion. TWO SLOTS, ALWAYS. A boot slot is raw blocks with no entry to rename, so the write-a-temporary-and-rename ordering that protects every file cannot protect it, and a machine interrupted while updating its only slot would not boot at all - the one failure on this disk with no way back. Writing the slot that is not live and then moving one byte makes that a machine that boots what it had before. bootBlocks and directoryStart say the same thing from two sides, so a disk where they disagree is refused rather than guessed at, as is one naming a slot that does not exist. Checked where it matters: the HOST formats a disk with a boot area and the MACHINE fills it, then the reserved blocks are compared against zero. The machine's allocator is the one that had no idea any of this was happening, which is what makes that the check worth having. Six host checks besides, including both halves of the superblock disagreeing. |
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Anachronaut
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0a2965bc63 |
Name the rules, say when there is nothing to say, and hold a baseline
Four things SplitLint wanted, and they build on each other. EVERY WARNING NAMES ITS RULE, in brackets at the end the way a compiler names the flag that produced it. Twelve rules, listed by --help. That makes the other three possible: suppressions can name one rule and leave the line honest about the others, the harness can assert on a rule's identity rather than on the wording of its message, and --machine can print one tab separated line per warning - file, line, rule, message, help - so nothing downstream reads prose. This file's own output was parsed with regular expressions three times in one day before it had a shape to rely on. A CLEAN RUN SAYS SO: No style warnings: 121 files checked against 12 rules. It used to exit in silence, which does not tell you it found nothing - it tells you nothing at all, and from outside the two are identical. A MARKER THAT SILENCES NOTHING IS ITSELF REPORTED, as dead-suppression. An exception that outlived whatever made it necessary is the thing the required reason exists to prevent, and naming the wrong rule now gets you both the warning you meant to silence and a note that your suppression is doing nothing. AND THE CORPUS IS HELD TO A BASELINE. Sixty one warnings are left in it deliberately and nothing stopped a sixty second. Tests/lint-baseline.txt records how many of each rule each file should produce, so a new one fails make test while the sixty one stay quiet; confirmed by adding an INIA 0d0 to Say.asm and watching it name the file, the rule and the count. It counts per file and rule rather than recording line numbers, because line numbers would churn the whole baseline whenever anything was inserted above a warning - the same reason cycle counts are stripped from recorded output here. ./Tests/lint.sh --bless records it again. One thing to know for next time: the rule name was inserted before the line number at all twenty one call sites, and the signature was changed to match rather than the twenty one call sites being fixed. (path, rule, line) reads no worse than (path, line, rule) and one edit has fewer ways to go wrong than twenty one. |
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Anachronaut
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9c144469b4 |
Take the SplitLint findings that are one operation, leave the rest
Twenty four more sites, and the interesting part is which ones were left alone. A rule emerged while reading them and it held all the way through: apply where the repetition is INSIDE one operation, skip where the author's own structure says it is a new thought, and never where two equal values mean different things. Taken: - Five registers reassigned to a value they already held, where both are the same quantity: two masks in one expression in Snake, two spaces printed by the monitor, both halves of block zero in waitTest, and a RSTA in Pour that the very next instruction overwrote. - Eighteen SETDs that reload a pointer inside one operation - a store back into the variable just read, or an INCD stepping to the second byte of a two byte value. Those read correctly without the reload. - sbfsNext, which branched to the label on the line below it. Left, with reasons that are the useful part of this: - Eight registers where the same number means two different things. CosmOS and the loader set A to 1 for a blit command and then to 1 again for a bank number; Asm compares a type against 3 and then a status against 3. Removing those couples one quantity to another that is equal by accident and would part company silently. - Ten RSTAs that open the RSTA/RSTB/CCF/ADD "return zero" block. The redundancy is what makes that idiom self contained; taking it out makes the return value depend on the line above. - Eleven SETDs that begin an arm of a comparison chain. Each arm loads, compares and branches, and they get reordered - the repetition is the reason a new arm can be dropped in anywhere. - Twenty five SETDs separated from their pointer by a blank line or a comment, which is the author saying a new thought starts here. - Two CCFs before arithmetic, which this codebase writes unconditionally. - Three redundant branches in test programs whose recorded output includes addresses, where three fewer bytes moves what the test demonstrates. Nine recorded outputs moved and every one is a size in a listing or, for Life, five more generations inside the same cycle budget. Behaviour is unchanged everywhere: cosmosSnake and cosmosEdit pass byte for byte while Snake loses eight bytes and Edit twelve. CosmOS is 10,902 bytes of program against 10,937, and the native assembler 12,173 against 12,183. The CosmOS README's size for Edit moved twice in one sitting, and this morning's check caught it both times - which it could not have done before that claim was reworded to name what it was about. |
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Anachronaut
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e1273337c4 |
Two mechanical fixes SplitLint found: MVQA, and RSTA for zero
Twenty four places moved Q into A or B by pushing it and popping it back. That is four bus cycles and two bytes to do what MVQA does in one of each, and several of them are inside loops - Life, the calculator, int8. Nineteen more loaded zero with INIA 0d0 where RSTA says the same thing in one byte. Both are equivalent at the CPU rather than by assertion: RSTA and INIA both leave Status alone, and PSHQ followed by POPA nets to A = Q with the Stack Pointer where it started. The one difference is that the pair leaves a copy of Q in memory just below the Stack Pointer and MVQA does not, which nothing here reads. Five recorded outputs moved and every one of them says the change worked: - 16x16Life fits five more generations into the same cycle budget, the first 457 lines identical, because the loop got cheaper. - Life.sbx is 1409 bytes rather than 1411, in three tests that list it. - Edit.sbx is 1995 rather than 1996. That last one broke a check I added this morning, and the hole is worth recording: the CosmOS README's claim about Edit's size did not have the word "Edit" on the same line as the number, because the subject was in the sentence before, so the check that measures quoted sizes skipped it silently. The sentence now names what it is talking about, which makes it both checkable and clearer, and the check fails on a wrong number there. Comments on either half of a replaced pair are carried onto the instruction that replaces them, so nothing anybody wrote was lost. |