SplitBit-Emulator/Source/Emulator/io.h

// io.h
// I/O for the SplitBit CPU Emulator
// Written by Anachronaut
// 10/16/2024

#ifndef IO_H
#define IO_H

#include <stdint.h>
#include "cpu.h"
#include "controller.h"

// ---- Ports ----
//
// Which port a device answers on is a property of the machine rather than of any
// program, so the numbers live here and everything else refers to them by name.

// The console answers on three ports. The data port is the machine's oldest promise and
// does not change: writing sends a byte, reading takes one and waits for it. The other two
// are additions, so a program written before they existed cannot notice them.
#define PORT_CONSOLE      0x00
#define PORT_CONSOLE_TOP  0x06
#define CONSOLE_DATA      0x00
#define CONSOLE_STATUS    0x01
#define CONSOLE_CONTROL   0x02

// ---- Where the cursor is, as registers ----
//
// Read as well as written, which is the thing an escape sequence cannot do without a query
// and a parse. A program that wants to put something back where it found it asks.
#define CONSOLE_CURSOR_ROW    0x03
#define CONSOLE_CURSOR_COLUMN 0x04

// Written, and it happens at once - the same shape as the memory controller's Command port
// rather than a bit in a register that otherwise holds state.
#define CONSOLE_COMMAND       0x05
#define CONSOLE_COMMAND_CLEAR 0x01

// ---- What colour to write in ----
//
// The attribute given to every cell the console draws from now on. Its low nibble picks one
// of sixteen ink and paper pairs, and the default palette is arranged so that XOR 8 turns
// any of them inside out - which is highlighting, and is also how the cursor is drawn.
#define CONSOLE_ATTRIBUTE     0x06

#define PORT_TEST     0x10
#define PORT_REFUSE   0x11
#define PORT_MEMORY   0x12

// ---- Starting again ----
//
// Writing 1 here asks the machine to start over: whatever put the first instruction in
// memory does it again, and the CPU begins where the boot vector points.
//
// A PORT RATHER THAN A SERVICE, because a reset has to work when the system does not.
// Something that could only be asked for through SWI would be unavailable in exactly the
// case that most wants it, and a program that owns the whole machine has no system to ask.
//
// What it does NOT do is unplug anything. The disk stays attached and its image keeps
// whatever was written to it, which is what a warm restart means: the machine starts
// again, the world it starts into does not.
#define PORT_MACHINE  0x13
#define MACHINE_RESET 0x01

// The disk answers on a block of four ports and interrupts on the first of them. A device
// that spans more than one port raises its line on its base, which is the rule the
// machine has not needed until now: the controller spans sixteen and never interrupts.
#define PORT_DISK        0x20
#define PORT_DISK_TOP    0x25
#define DISK_BLOCK_HIGH  0x20
#define DISK_BLOCK_LOW   0x21
#define DISK_COMMAND     0x22
#define DISK_STATUS      0x23

// ---- Several disks, one controller ----
//
// NOT SEVERAL DEVICES, and the instruction set is why. A port is an immediate byte inside the
// OUT that names it, so a program cannot compute one - "the disk on port 0x20 + drive * 4" is
// not something this machine can say. Two disks as two devices would mean a branch per access
// in every one of the eleven places the filesystem names a disk port.
//
// So it is one controller with a drive register, which is what the machines this one is
// pretending to be actually had: one floppy controller and four drives behind it. The block,
// command and status registers all refer to whichever drive was last selected, and so does
// the single buffer - which is honest, and which means a program that changes drives knows
// the buffer no longer holds what it thought.
#define DISK_DRIVE       0x24
#define DISK_DRIVES      0x25

// Four is a floppy controller's worth. The cost of another is a file handle.
#define DISK_DRIVE_COUNT 4
// ---- The screen ----
//
// Sixteen ports, like the controller, and it interrupts on its base the way the disk
// established for a device that spans more than one. The registers themselves are in
// video.h, with the memory layout they describe.
#define PORT_VIDEO       0x30
#define PORT_VIDEO_TOP   0x3F

// ---- The timer ----
//
// The only regular beat this machine had was the screen finishing a frame, which is fixed at
// sixty a second. That is a clock a program borrows rather than one it sets: every duration
// becomes a multiple of 16.67 ms, so a note worth a third of a beat cannot be asked for and
// the way round it is to choose a tempo whose subdivisions happen to land on whole frames -
// which is making the music fit the hardware.
#define PORT_TIMER     0x50
#define PORT_TIMER_TOP 0x54

#define TIMER_STATUS   0x50
#define TIMER_CONTROL  0x51
#define TIMER_PERIOD_HIGH 0x52
#define TIMER_PERIOD_MID  0x53
#define TIMER_PERIOD_LOW  0x54

#define TIMER_STATUS_TICKED    0x01
#define TIMER_STATUS_RUNNING   0x02
#define TIMER_STATUS_INTERRUPT 0x04

#define TIMER_CONTROL_RUN       0x01
#define TIMER_CONTROL_REPEAT    0x02
#define TIMER_CONTROL_INTERRUPT 0x04

#define PORT_REGISTRY 0xFF

// ---- The console ----
//
// Two modes, chosen by the program through the control port. The console starts in LINE
// mode, which is what the machine has always done: the terminal holds what is typed until
// Return, and does the echoing and the backspacing on the way. Reading the data port waits
// for a whole line to be finished somewhere else and then hands it over a byte at a time.
//
// KEY mode turns that off. Keys arrive as they are pressed, and nothing echoes them, so a
// program that wants them seen has to send them back out itself. That is not a choice this
// machine is making; it is what asking the terminal to stop holding a line means, and the
// editing goes away with it. A program that wants keys is expected to want that.
//
// READING THE DATA PORT WAITS IN BOTH MODES. The status port is how a program declines to
// wait, and keeping that in one place means the data port means one thing everywhere. A
// read that sometimes blocked and sometimes did not, depending on state set somewhere
// else, is the kind of thing that works until it does not.
//
// KEY MODE ONLY REACHES THE TERMINAL when there is one. With input coming from a pipe
// there is nothing to put into another mode, and the status port answers by asking the
// operating system whether anything is waiting, which is true of a pipe with bytes in it.
//
// A PROGRAM THAT INTERRUPTS ON INPUT MUST NOT BLOCK ON THE DATA PORT. Reading it waits,
// and the machine executes no instructions while it is waiting, so nothing is serviced
// and the line the console is about to raise goes nowhere until the read it was meant to
// replace has already finished. Interrupting and blocking are two answers to the same
// question and a program wants one of them.

// The control port's bits, which are independent of one another. Writing zero asks for
// line mode with no interrupts, which is how the console starts and what a program that
// knows nothing of any of this leaves behind it.
#define CONSOLE_MODE_LINE 0x00
#define CONSOLE_MODE_KEY  0x01

// Asks the console to put its line up when a byte arrives, instead of the program having
// to come and look. It composes with the mode rather than depending on it: in line mode
// the terminal still holds what is typed until Return, and then a whole line's worth of
// bytes arrive at once, each raising the line in turn as the one before it is taken.
// That is not especially useful, but a control bit that quietly did nothing depending on
// another control bit would be worse than a burst of interrupts somebody asked for.
#define CONSOLE_CONTROL_INTERRUPT 0x02
// Show a cursor where the next character will go. Off when the machine starts, because a
// machine draws what it is told to and a program painting its own screen does not want one
// blinking in the middle of it. A system that reads lines from a person turns it on.
#define CONSOLE_CONTROL_CURSOR    0x04

// Set when there is a byte to be had. NOT set at the end of input, although a read would
// answer at once there: what it answers is 0xFF standing in for nothing, and calling that
// ready would make a loop that reads while READY spin on imaginary bytes forever. A loop
// like that now stops when the input does, which is what anybody writing one intends.
#define CONSOLE_STATUS_READY   0x01
// Set once input has run out for good. The data port still answers 0xFF, which is what it
// always did and what every program written before this expects, but 0xFF is also an
// ordinary byte and this bit is the only thing that can tell the difference.
#define CONSOLE_STATUS_ENDED   0x02
// Which mode the console is in, so that a program can put it back the way it found it
// rather than assuming it knows.
#define CONSOLE_STATUS_KEYMODE 0x04
// Whether the console is set to interrupt, for the same reason: everything a program can
// ask the console to be, it can also ask the console what it currently is.
#define CONSOLE_STATUS_INTERRUPT 0x08
// And whether a cursor is being shown, for the same reason as the rest: everything a program
// can ask the console to be, it can also ask the console what it currently is.
#define CONSOLE_STATUS_CURSOR    0x10

// Puts the terminal back the way it was found. Registered with atexit and called from a
// handler for every signal that can end this process and be caught, because a machine that
// stops in key mode and does not undo it leaves the shell that started it unusable, which
// is a far worse failure than anything the program was doing. atexit alone is not enough:
// it does not run when a process is killed, and the ending that matters most is SIGHUP,
// which is what arrives when whatever launched this machine dies and takes the terminal
// with it.
void consoleRestore(void);

// One byte from the console, waiting if it has to. Everything that reads standard input
// goes through here: the emulator owns one byte of pushback, and stdio holding a buffer
// of its own behind that would make the status port lie about what is waiting.
uint8_t consoleReadByte(void);

// Puts the cursor back in the corner. Called when the machine starts, since the screen is
// cleared then too and a cursor left where the last program stopped would be a cursor
// pointing into something that is gone.
void consoleHome(void);

// ---- How a front end with a window feeds the console ----
//
// Called while the console has nothing to give. It returns a byte, or one of the two
// answers below. They have to be told apart: a window with nobody typing yet is the normal
// case and happens sixty times a second, while a window that has gone is the end of input.
// One value for both would have made the first keystroke look like a closed machine.
//
// Without a hook the console reads standard input, which is what it has always done.
#define CONSOLE_NOTHING_YET (-1)
#define CONSOLE_GONE        (-2)
//
// mayWait says which question is being asked. Zero is the status port looking, and must not
// present or sleep: a program polling in a loop would otherwise run at the frame rate. One
// is the data port blocking, where presenting is exactly right, because a machine waiting
// for a key is still a machine somebody is looking at.
void consoleSetInputHook(int (*hook)(int mayWait));

// ---- Device classes ----
//
// What kind of thing is plugged into a port. Class 0 is not a device: reading an
// unimplemented port already gives zero, so "nothing there" needs no special case and a
// machine with no registry at all answers correctly by doing nothing.
//
// Classes 0x01 to 0x0F belong to the machine itself. Peripherals start at 0x10.

#define DEVICE_NONE     0x00
#define DEVICE_REGISTRY 0x01
#define DEVICE_CONSOLE  0x02
#define DEVICE_CONTROLLER 0x03
// The machine itself, which is what a reset is asking. In the range kept for the machine
// rather than among the peripherals, because it is not one: it is not attached to
// anything and cannot be unplugged.
#define DEVICE_MACHINE  0x04
#define DEVICE_TEST     0x10
#define DEVICE_REFUSE   0x11
#define DEVICE_MEMORY   0x12
#define DEVICE_DISK     0x13
#define DEVICE_VIDEO    0x14
#define DEVICE_SOUND    0x15
#define DEVICE_TIMER    0x16

// What a device brings besides itself. This means memory that somebody has to register
// with the controller, so the controller's own bank 2 does not count: it is already there.
#define DEVICE_FLAG_HAS_MEMORY 0x01

// ---- The disk ----
//
// Blocks are a page each, so a block number is the whole of a 16 bit address and the
// arithmetic never needs a multiply. Sixteen megabytes is absurd for this machine, which
// is the point: there is room for anything a filesystem might want to grow into later.

#define DISK_BLOCK_BYTES 256

// A fresh image is made the size of Program and Data together, which is a round number
// for this machine and small enough to read in a hex editor while it is being built.
#define DISK_DEFAULT_BLOCKS 512

#define DISK_COMMAND_READ  0x01
#define DISK_COMMAND_WRITE 0x02

// Set while an operation is still going, and it now really is set: a disk given a latency
// says busy, takes that many cycles, and finishes then. A program that does not wait gets
// whatever was in the buffer before, which is what the hardware would give it.
//
// It reads clear the whole time when the latency is zero, which is the default and how
// every test here has always run.
#define DISK_STATUS_BUSY  0x01
// Set when the disk cannot be written at all. Unlike the two bits above it, this is not
// about the last operation: it is a standing property of the medium, readable before
// anything is attempted. A write protected disk is barred here, in the device, rather
// than by anything in the filesystem, so writing blocks directly cannot get around it.
#define DISK_STATUS_PROTECTED 0x04

// Set when the last operation did not work: no image, or a block that is not on it.
// A disk that cannot read a block is an ordinary thing that happens to working programs,
// so it says so rather than stopping the machine.
#define DISK_STATUS_ERROR 0x02

// ---- Devices that take time ----
//
// A real device does not finish inside the instruction that asked it to. It says it is
// busy, takes as long as it takes, and is done when the machine has run that far - so the
// emulator needs somewhere to notice that time has passed. That is this: called once per
// instruction with the machine's clock, it lets any device whose moment has come finish.
//
// It is written for the disk and is not about the disk. Anything that will take time - a
// display that refreshes, a port that waits on the host - wants exactly this shape.
void deviceTick(unsigned long now);

// ---- Time that passed while the machine was stopped ----
//
// A console waiting on a key it has not been given has stopped the machine, and time is
// still going by: the cursor still blinks, a disk still turns. That is exactly what idle
// cycles are for, and without them the machine's clock froze the moment somebody was asked
// a question - so the cursor stopped blinking precisely when there was a person looking at
// it and waiting to type.
//
// Returned and cleared, the way the controller's cycles are, and picked up in the same
// place: after a port access, by the CPU that was stopped.
unsigned long takeIdleCycles(void);

// How many cycles a block read or write takes. Zero means the answer is there before the
// next instruction is, which is what this machine has always done and what every recorded
// test assumes.
void setDiskLatency(unsigned long cycles);

// Attaches an image, making one if it is not there. A disk is read only if the host will
// not let the file be written, or if writeProtect asks for it, which is the emulated
// equivalent of the tab on the side of a floppy. Returns 1 if it could not attach.
uint8_t attachDisk(const char *path, uint8_t writeProtect);

void detachDisk(void);

// How many bytes a device's entry in the registry runs to. Reading past the end gives
// zero, so the record can grow later without anything already written having to change.
#define DEVICE_RECORD_BYTES 2

uint8_t OutputHandler(uint8_t DataByte, uint8_t Address);

uint8_t InputHandler(uint8_t Address);

// ---- Interrupt lines ----
//
// One line per port. A device puts its line up to ask for attention, and the CPU takes
// it down when it answers. Which line a device uses is not a choice: a device on port N
// interrupts on N, which is what saves the machine from needing any arbitration.
//
// These belong to the bus rather than to the CPU. Nothing here is saved in a frame, and
// a program cannot read them except by being interrupted.

// Gives every device a moment to notice something the machine did not ask it about.
// Nothing here runs alongside the CPU: a device that waits on the outside world - the
// console is the only one so far - is never going to see a keystroke unless something
// asks it to look, and the CPU calling this between instructions is that something.
//
// It is called on every step and gets out of the way immediately when there is nothing to
// do, because there usually is not. A device that wants attention rarely is a device that
// must cost nothing when it does not.
void serviceDevices(void);

// Set when something has written MACHINE_RESET, and taken by the loop that acts on it. A
// request rather than an action, because a device cannot restart the machine from inside
// the instruction that asked - the CPU is mid-step and its state is not yet consistent.
int takeResetRequest(void);

// Whether one is waiting, without taking it. For anything that has to behave differently
// while a restart is on its way but is not the thing that performs it.
int resetIsPending(void);

// ---- The button on the front of the case ----
//
// A machine has one, and a window is the case. Writing MACHINE_RESET is how a PROGRAM asks;
// this is how a person does, without needing a program that is willing to listen - which is
// the whole point of a reset button and the reason the port exists at all.
void requestReset(void);

// Puts the console's input back to how a machine starts: nothing pushed back, no line half
// gathered, and NOT at the end of input. Called when the machine starts over, because a
// console that had run out of input would still have run out afterwards - and a reset that
// left the keyboard dead would be a reset nobody could use twice.
void consoleResetInput(void);

// ---- The lines on one bus ----
//
// One bit a port, so a device can ask for attention without anything having to poll it.
// Eight ports to the byte, low bit first.
//
// A MACHINE WITH TWO PROCESSORS HAS TWO SETS OF THESE. A peripheral core's devices raise
// lines on the core's bus and the host's devices on the host's, and they are not the same
// lines: one array indexed by port for the whole machine would have let each see the other's,
// so a disk finishing would interrupt a sound core and a sound core's tick would interrupt
// the shell. Both would arrive at a handler for something else entirely.
#define INTERRUPT_LINE_BYTES 32

typedef struct {
    uint8_t bits[INTERRUPT_LINE_BYTES];
} InterruptLines;

void linesRaise(InterruptLines *lines, uint8_t port);
void linesClear(InterruptLines *lines, uint8_t port);

// The lowest numbered port with its line up, or below zero if none has. A scan rather than
// a priority encoder, so there is no arbitration to explain and a programmer can work out
// what happens next by reading the port numbers.
int linesNext(const InterruptLines *lines);

// The machine's own controller, which is what every device on this bus means when it moves
// memory. A peripheral core's device holds its own.
Controller *machineController(void);

// The machine's own lines, which is what every device on this bus means.
void raiseInterrupt(uint8_t port);

void clearInterrupt(uint8_t port);

// Every line down at once, for a reset. The vector table is cleared when the machine starts
// over because a handler left behind would aim an interrupt into a program that is no longer
// running; a LINE left behind does exactly the same thing, and arrives at a program that
// never asked the device for anything.
void clearAllInterrupts(void);

// The timer, which counts the machine's own cycles.
void timerReset(void);
void timerTick(unsigned long now);

// The lowest numbered port with its line up, or -1 if none of them are.
int nextPendingInterrupt(void);

// The bus this machine's own processor is on: its devices, its lines, its controller. A
// peripheral core is given a different one by whatever device contains it.
const Bus *machineBus(void);

// ---- Refusing ----
//
// A device can refuse what it was asked to do. Interrupting is a device asking for
// attention later; refusing is a device saying no to the instruction happening now, so
// it has to stop the machine where it stands rather than raise a line and let execution
// carry on past the mistake.
//
// The refusal names a software vector, so the cause is known from the entry it arrives
// through, the same way every other fault on this machine works.

void refuseAccess(uint8_t faultVector);

// ---- Memory a device brings ----
//
// Returns the memory owned by the device on this port, or NULL if it owns none, and
// fills in how much of it there is. This is how the controller finds out what a device
// brings when it is told to register a bank.
//
// It is a direct look at the machine's device table rather than a conversation through
// the registry's port. The port protocol remembers which port it was asked about, so a
// controller that used it would silently lose the place of any enumeration a program had
// in progress. Same table, two consumers, and only one of them needs the protocol.
uint8_t *deviceMemory(uint8_t port, uint32_t *capacity);

// The vector a device refused with, or 0 if none did. Reading it clears it, because a
// refusal is answered once.
uint8_t takeRefusal(void);

// Which port did the refusing. Only meaningful alongside a refusal.
uint8_t refusingPort(void);

#endif // IO_H